Feedback Control for the Precise Shape Morphing of 4D-Printed Shape Memory Polymer

Four-dimensional printing (4DP) is a newly emerged technology that uses smart materials for additive manufacturing and thus enables shape and/or property change upon stimulus after the process. Present study on 4DP has been focused open-loop stimulus, which can hardly ensure high precision predictable final states. In this article, new closed-loop (CL4DP) process supplementing 4D printed actuation with closed loop control methods proposed. Image feedback used enhancing conventional open morphing controller implemented to regulate intensity of accordingly in real-time. To achieve precise control, nonlinear affine system model built by identification measurement data describe dynamic recovery 4D-printed memory polymer (SMP). Precise achieved effects parameters CL4DP are studied. Traditionally, SMP discrete number selected steady With CL4DP, such states be continuous arbitrary.